Researcges

(1)
maternity interference in tennessee williams s
  the glass menagerie assistant teacher
haider ghazi jassim al_jaberi al_moosawi
university of babylon
college of education

abstract
            the autobiographical elements as a device in writing purports ramified extents, but immanently it tackles a writer s life and conflicts through various styles. the actual paper manipulates the whys and wherefores of maternity interferences in writing drama and the fount from where it emanates. tremendously it dissects the mere text into its bare structure, lest it keeps pace with the current wave of the continental philosophy that promulgates clinching a text itself.

(2)
intertextuality in james joyce s ulysses
assistant teacher
haider ghazi jassim al_jaberi al.musawi
university of babylon
college of education
dept. of english language and literature
haider_drama@yahoo.com
abstract
        technically accounting, intertextuality designates the interdependence of a literary text on any literary one in structure, themes, imagery and so forth. as a matter of fact, the term is first coined by julia kristeva in 1966 whose contention was that a literary text is not an isolated entity but is made up of a mosaic of quotations, and that any text is  the " absorption, and transformation of another"1.she defies traditional notions of the literary influence, saying that intertextuality denotes a transposition of one or several sign systems into another or others. transposition is a freudian term, and kristeva is pointing not merely to the way texts echo each other but to the way that discourses or sign systems are transposed into one another-so that meanings in one kind of discourses are heaped with meanings from another  kind of discourse. it is a kind of "new articulation2". for kriszreve the idea is a part of a wider psychoanalytical theory which questions the stability of the subject, and her views about intertextuality are very different from those of roland north and others3. besides, the term "intertextuality" describes the reception process whereby in the mind of the reader texts already inculcated interact with the text currently being skimmed. modern writers such as canadian satirist w. p. kinsella in the grecian urn4 and playwright ann-marie macdonald in goodnight desdemona (good morning juliet) have learned how to manipulate this phenomenon by deliberately and continually alluding to previous literary works well known to educated readers, namely john keats s ode on a grecian urn, and shakespeare s tragedies romeo and juliet and othello respectively. intertextuality elements include a writer s using other writers characters, taking quotations from them and paraphrases of other texts, re-telling the original from a different perspective, indicating what happened before or after a text, and making indirect references to characters and situations found in another text5.sometimes the outline determines the sense of intertextuality as in massinger`s a new way to pay old debts that exploits the outline of middleton s a trick to catch the old one6.
(3)
periphrasis and brevity
as a
tour de force
in
little dorrit and black madonna

teacher
haider ghazi jassim al_jaberi al.musawi
university of babylon
college of education
dept. of english language and literature
haider_drama@yahoo.com

abstract:
        purport as periphrasis and brevity do some syntactic ramifications, they strike roots in psychiatry and literature as well syntactically accounting ,revealing a trait or an inspiration in innuendos requires a verb to  which one or more auxiliary verbs are concatenated to obliterate ambiguity or to have transparency  ,in contradistinction to the direct infliction of the lexical items involved. yet brevity comes to have two main isles in term of ellipsis and condensed narration, ellipsis is of two types the deletion under identity and sloppy identity, for the former the deletingd identity is somehow or rather too compensated in the context, whereas the sloppy identity usually aggravates the lack of revelation.
        moreover, periphrasis is termed psychologically "free associations " that serves in literature as characters delineation  to reach crystallization  in which a character gives full rein to his imagination that fluctuates between the past and present and vice versa  that is  etymologically called "shuttle technique ".yet ,brevity is to conceal identification and masked drives at the expense of candour. in novel as in all literature, they work in tandem to perpetrate through events and characters. in time, periphrasis exposes the internal and the external conflicts that stern the human drives, in time brevity tantalizes the other characters and readers to find a missing piece of information in a dialogue or a paragraph.
        in point of fact, dickens in little dorrit tints his lines with some periphrastic expressions that keep the readers pace with certain motives and ideas, similarly so often does dickens resort into brevity due to certain technical targets. analogously, dorris lessing in black madonna takes hold of both to have modern notions conveyed. in a sense the text is not only of essentiality ,but it gives much shrifts to its creator its "functional principle " all in all, both little dorrit and black madonna, as to the actual research paper, depend mainly to some extent on the sense of periphrasis and the condensed revelation.

(4)

noble savage
in
j.m.coetzee`s disgrace

lecturer
haider ghazi jassim al_jaberi al.musawi
university of babylon
college of education
dept. of english language and literature
haider_drama@yahoo.com
abstract:
        analytically accounting, the noble savage as a literary term designates the sense of the lingering principles that survive,although fierce and feline, the sordid circumstances stop short of eradicating those principles that move momentum and persist being vanished it is first coined by montaigne`s essay of cannibals in 1580,but it surges into prominence in the seventeenth century and then it is applied in dryden s the conquest of granada. such an idea stems from mrs. aphra behn`s oroonoko or the history of the royal slave in 1688,there is an eponymous hero who is of virtues, youth and beauty, in time he is acquainted with innocence and purity ,in time he deplores the effects of modernity and the industrial revolution. consequently there prevails a shout to revert into nature, philosophy and doctrines that rousseau reviewed in his emile in 1762 in which he declares: "everything is well when it comes fresh from the hands of the maker" adds rousseau "everything degenerates in the hands of man". moreover, chateaubriand resorts to the noble savage concept and it heaves into being as influential on many writers in the late eighteenth century. the romantic poetry was a part of the reaction against the main tenets of industrialism, materialism and capitalism .
              although turbulent and drastic, the political and the religious stage bears the brunt of reflecting reality as it is, but some narrative lines give more shrifts to certain principles that exist after all and survive to be a lighthouse to those who fall victim to some defects in a community. 


(5)
verism
in
the crucible

lecturer
haider ghazi jassim al_jaberi al.musawi
university of babylon
college of education
dept. of english language and literature
haider_drama@yahoo.com
abstract:
        verism as a term designates the fact that representing "truth" in an artwork as it is and at any price is of importance and drags the attention of the readers vehemently. more specifically, it highlights the truth beyond the lines in the artworks it is in some means or other a part of  realism that stipulates "here and now " ,everyday incidents and events, political, domestic and social, and the creator s environment. realism ,in a sense, depicts life as it is, it is a portrayal of reality with "fidelity", it does not exert itself in rendering life into something serene  or chaotic there is no other ways but to bring life into effect in a realistic piece of writing .combine that with the fact that chronicle, to the core, stresses the past events and recalls them in a dramatic means and in order of time, usually it is known as a history play a chronicle one that manipulates recorded historical events as was tackled in the crucible .the chronicle play originates in seneca artworks and then glimpses in 18th and 19th century ,as darley, tennyson, browning and swinburne turn the prow of their attention to history then thomas hardy tackles history in the dynasts .ultimately, the second world war leaves a number of chronicle plays that dissect the human conflicts in term of history and these are respectively arthur miller s the crucible, robert bolt s a man for all seasons and the state of revolution and ralf hochhuth`s the representative and soldier .
(6)
inferred justification
in the shade of
narrative discourse: my year in iraq

lecturer
haider ghazi jassim al-jaberi al.musawi
university of babylon
college of education
dept. of english language and literature
haider_drama@yahoo.com


preliminary:
        so marked is that the iraq war spews adrenaline into fiction in particular and literature in heart , the inferred justification surges into effect as a conduit to cognitive dissonance that purports inferring an evidence or justification to buttress a respondent s ideas, exclusively, it is a way of motivated reasoning to cope with cognitive dissonance . in brief, motivated justification depends mainly upon the idea itself ,here, reasoning is to reach consensus inferred justification is to delve into reasons and strategies that help maintain one s idea or belief at all costs in assuming an evidence to salvage the meant  idea. in time, it creeps through the defense mechanism and here man endeavours to cope with reality to press his "self-image " and such a response termed as " ego defense mechanism " in this regard, sigmund freud claims that the ego employs these defense mechanisms to settle the conflict among the id, the ego and the superego . what s to the point is that people search for what defends their ideas and obliterate what, almost, contradicts with theirs. one gives priority to social cues, since such situations influence greatly people to exploit the situational heuristics. in time ,the defense mechanism finds expression in literature and more accurately in memoir that originates from the french memoie from latin memoria designates memory or reminiscing and it is a genre and a subclass of autobiography and usually implemented by politicians or some prominent figures  and in modern age, it s written by military leaders and deals with their career rather than some domestic affairs, in this regard, humorist will rogers states that "memoirs mean when you put down the good things you ought to have done and leave out the bad ones you diddo". technically accounting, memoir seems to be portrayed by first narrator " i", since it is a maneuver to preserve history through the eyes of those who experience it. here comes the narrative discourse to wreathe such an experience with narrative techniques ge`rard gennette sets certain terms to cope with the raw material "fabula " and the rendered one "narrative" to have the desired targets beyond the memoir itself.