aIt is assumed that in mmost conversataioznal exchanges participants are
cooperating with other.This principle together with four maxims must be
obeyed.The cooperative principle is stated as follows:Make your conversational
contibution such as required,at the the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted
purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.Supporting
this principle are the four maxims:</P>
<P>Quantity:Make your contribution as informative as is required,but not more,or
lhttp://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/uobcoleges/admin_addthrd.aspx?fid=10&depid=4ess,than
is required</P>
<P>Quality:Donot say tht which you believeto be false for which you lack
evidence</P>
<P>Relation:Be relevant</Pa>
<P>Manner:Be clear,bbrief and orderly</P>
<P>On certain ocassions we can experience conversational exchanges in which the
cooperative principle doesnot seem to be in operation.Howver,this general
description of the normal expectations we have in conversations helps to explain
a number of regular features in the way ppeople say things.</P>
<P>Given thatwe operate with the cooperative principle,it becomesclearerhow
certain answers to our questionswhich,on the surface,do not seem to be
appropriate,can actually be interpreted,Consider this conversational
fragmanta;</P>
<P>Carol:Are you coming to the party tonight?</P>
<P>Lara:I`ve got an exam tomorrow.</P>
<P>On the face of it,Lara`s statement is not an answer to Carol`s Questions.Lara
doesnot say Yes or No.Yet carol will immediately interpret that statement as
meaning No or Probably not.How can we accouunt for this abiliity to grasp one
meaning from a sentencewhich,inn a liiteral sense,means something else?.Given
that the answers contain relevant information,Carol can workout that"exam
tomorrow" conentionally involves"study tonight"and this study precludes "party
tonight".Thus Lara`s answer is not simply a statement of tomorrow`s activity,it
contains an impllicaure(an addditional conveyed meaning).</P>
<P>It is noticeablethat in order to describe the conversational implicature
involved in Lara`s statement ,we had to appeal to some background
knowledge(about exam`s,studying and partying)that must be shared by a
conversational participants.Investigating how we use our background knowledge to aaa
arrive at interpretations of what we hear and read is a crucial part of doing
discourse analysis</P>a
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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